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PTFE is produced by free-radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene. Because tetrafluoroethylene can explosively decompose to tetrafluoromethane CF 4 and carbon, special apparatus is required for the polymerization to prevent hot spots that might initiate this dangerous side reaction.
The process is typically initiated with persulfate , which homolyzes to generate sulfate radicals:. The resulting polymer is terminated with sulfate ester groups, which can be hydrolyzed to give OH end-groups.
The only chemicals known to affect these carbon-fluorine bonds are highly reactive metals like the alkali metals , and at higher temperatures also such metals as aluminum and magnesium, and fluorinating agents such as xenon difluoride and cobalt III fluoride. The coefficient of friction of plastics is usually measured against polished steel.
PTFE's resistance to van der Waals forces means that it is the only known surface to which a gecko cannot stick. PTFE is so slippery that insects cannot get a grip and tend to fall off. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants from climbing out of formicaria.
Because of its superior chemical and thermal properties, PTFE is often used as a gasket material within industries that require resistance to aggressive chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or chemical processing. Therefore, it has no "memory" and is subject to creep. Because of the propensity to creep, the long-term performance of such seals is worse than for elastomers that exhibit zero, or near-zero, levels of creep.
In critical applications, Belleville washers are often used to apply continuous force to PTFE gaskets, thereby ensuring a minimal loss of performance over the lifetime of the gasket. However, when exposed to an excimer laser beam it severely degrades due to heterogeneous photothermal effect.
These cause the otherwise perfectly linear PTFE chain to become branched, reducing its crystallinity. Some PTFE parts are made by cold-moulding, a form of compression molding. This application exploits the fact that PTFE has excellent dielectric properties, specifically low group velocity dispersion , [38] especially at high radio frequencies , [38] making it suitable for use as an excellent insulator in connector assemblies and cables , and in printed circuit boards used at microwave frequencies.
Combined with its high melting temperature, this makes it the material of choice as a high-performance substitute for the weaker, higher dispersion and lower-melting-point polyethylene commonly used in low-cost applications. In industrial applications, owing to its low friction, PTFE is used for plain bearings , gears , slide plates , seals, gaskets, bushings, [39] and more applications with sliding action of parts, where it outperforms acetal and nylon. Its extremely high bulk resistivity makes it an ideal material for fabricating long-life electrets , the electrostatic analogues of permanent magnets.
PTFE film is also widely used in the production of carbon fiber composites as well as fiberglass composites, notably in the aerospace industry. PTFE film is used as a barrier between the carbon or fiberglass part being built, and breather and bagging materials used to incapsulate the bondment when debulking vacuum removal of air from between layers of laid-up plies of material and when curing the composite, usually in an autoclave.
The PTFE, used here as a film, prevents the non-production materials from sticking to the part being built, which is sticky due to the carbon-graphite or fiberglass plies being pre-pregnated with bismaleimide resin. Non-production materials such as Teflon, Airweave Breather and the bag itself would be considered F. The roof of the Hubert H.
Because of its extreme non-reactivity and high temperature rating, PTFE is often used as the liner in hose assemblies, expansion joints , and in industrial pipe lines, particularly in applications using acids, alkalis, or other chemicals. Its frictionless qualities allow improved flow of highly viscous liquids, and for uses in applications such as brake hoses. PTFE is used in some aerosol lubricant sprays, including in micronized and polarized form.
It is notable for its extremely low coefficient of friction, its hydrophobia which serves to inhibit rust , and for the dry film it forms after application, which allows it to resist collecting particles that might otherwise form an abrasive paste. PTFE is best known for its use in coating non-stick frying pans and other cookware, as it is hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance.
The sole plates of some clothes irons are coated with PTFE. Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA , a chemical formerly used in the manufacture of PTFE products such as non-stick coated cookware, can be carcinogenic for people who are exposed to it see Ecotoxicity. These products can accumulate in evaporative wetlands and have been found in the roots and seeds of wetland plant species, but has not been observed to have an adverse impact on plant health or germination success.
Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA, or C8 has been used as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of PTFE, although several manufacturers have entirely discontinued its use. PFOA persists indefinitely in the environment. As a result of a class-action lawsuit and community settlement with DuPont , three epidemiologists conducted studies on the population surrounding a chemical plant that was exposed to PFOA at levels greater than in the general population.
The studies concluded that there was an association between PFOA exposure and six health outcomes: kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis , thyroid disease, hypercholesterolemia high cholesterol , and pregnancy-induced hypertension. As a result of the lawsuits concerning the PFOA class-action lawsuit , DuPont began to use GenX, a similarly fluorinated compound, as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid in the manufacture of fluoropolymers , such as Teflon-brand PTFE.
These retain the useful PTFE properties of low friction and nonreactivity, but are also more easily formable. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Synthetic polymer. For other uses, see Teflon disambiguation. Poly 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethylene [1]. Fluon, Poly tetrafluoroethene , Poly difluoromethylene , Poly tetrafluoroethylene , teflon. CAS Number. D N. Chemical formula. N verify what is Y N? Infobox references. Chemical compound. This section needs additional citations for verification.
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Main article: Perfluorooctanoic acid. Main article: GenX. Bulk resistivity. Retrieved 12 July Retrieved 3 February Science History Institute. June Retrieved 10 February Retrieved 10 June Archived from the original on 17 February The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN Retrieved 31 October Don't keep it to yourself! Add it HERE!
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